Effects of propofol on myelin basic protein expression in oligodendrocytes of SD rats at different developmental stages / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of propofol on myelin basic protein (MBP) expression in oligodendrocytes of SD rats at different developmental stages.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study was conducted in 3?, 7?, 14? and 21?day?old SD rats (40 in each age group). In each group, the rats were randomized equally into control group and experimental group, and in the control group, the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg medium?long?chain fat emulsion followed by injections at a half dose every 20 min for 8 h; the rats in the experimental group were given injections of propofolmedium (at the initial dose of 25 mg/kg) in the same manner. The transcriptional levels of MBP and caspase?3 in the brain tissues were detected by qRT?PCR, and the protein expression of MBP was with Western blotting and immunehistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with those in the control groups, the expression of MBP mRNA was significantly down?regulated while caspase?3 mRNA was up?regulated in 3?, 7? and 14?day?old rats in the experimental groups (P<0.05). The protein expression of MBP in 7? and 14?day?old rats was significantly decreased in the experimental groups compared with the control groups (P<0.05). The expression of caspase?3 mRNA or MBP protein in 21?day?old rats showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Propofol can down?regulate the expression of MBP at both the mRNA and protein levels in SD rats, especially in those at 7 and 14 days of age.</p>

Propofol suppresses migration and invasion of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by down-regulating H19 / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of propofol on H19 expression, migration and invasion of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>MDA-MB-231 cells were randomly divided into 5 groups for treatment with basal medium, DMSO, or propofol at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 µmol/L. H19 expression of the treated cells was assessed with RT-PCR, and the changes of cell motility, migration and invasion were evaluated with wound-healing assay and Transwell assays.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Treatment of the cells with 25, 50, and 100 µmol/L propofol for 24 h down-regulated H19 by 17.83%, 37.50% and 63.67% (P<0.05), and suppressed cell motility by 13.46%, 36.54% and 46.17% (P<0.05), cell migration by 27.93%, 57.90% and 76.51% (P<0.05), and cell invasion by 25.72%, 53.32% and 81.43% (P<0.05), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Propofol-induced cell migration and invasion suppression are partially mediated by down-regulating H19 in MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro.</p>

Propofol suppresses invasion of human lung cancer A549 cells by down-regulating aquaporin-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of propofol on cell invasion and expressions of aquaporin-3 (APQ-3) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human lung adenocarcinoma cancer A549 cells.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>A549 cells were treated with propofol at the concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 µmol/L for 12 or 24 h. RT-PCR was used to detect the effect of propofol on AQP-3 mRNA level in A549 cells, and the effects of propofol treatments for 24 h on AQP-3 and MMP-9 protein expression and the invasive ability of A549 cells were assessed with Western blotting and Transwell assay, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control cells, the cells treated with 25, 50, and 100 µmol/L propofol showed a obvious inhibition of AQP-3 mRNA expression, with inhibition rates ranging from 0.19 to 0.65 in cells with a 12-h treatment and from 0.13 to 0.41 in cells treated for 24 h; 100 µmol/L propofol treatment for 24 h produced the strongest inhibitory effect (0.13∓0.035, P<0.05). AQP-3 protein expression in cells treated with 25, 50, and 100 µmol/L propofol for 24 h (0.91∓0.009, 0.60∓0.020, and 0.57∓0.006, respectively) and MMP-9 protein expression in cells treated with 50 and 100 µmol/L propofol for 24 h (0.65∓0.006 and 0.46∓0.021, respectively) were significantly lower than those in the control cells (P<0.05). Treatment with 25, 50, and 100 µmol/L propofol for 24 significantly lowered the number of invading cells (122.55∓17.20, 96.33∓5.82, and 74.33∓2.85, respectively) compared with the control group (199.33∓23.88, P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Treatment with 50 and 100 µmol/L propofol inhibits cell invasion by down-regulating the expression of AQP-3 and MMP-9 in A549 cells.</p>

Effect of propofol at uptake equilibrium on γ-aminobutyric acid in different cerebral regions in dogs / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of propofol at doses for different anesthesia depths on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in different cerebral regions at propofol uptake equilibrium in dogs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twelve 12-18-month-old healthy hybrid dogs weighing 10-12 kg were randomly divided into light anesthesia group (n=6) and deep anesthesia group (n=6) with a single bolus dose of propofol (5.5 and 7.0 mg/kg, respectively) completed in 15 s followed by intravenous propofol infusion at a constant rate (55 and 70 mg·kg(-1)·h(-1), respectively). Blood samples (2 ml) were taken from the internal carotid artery and jugular vein to measure plasma propofol concentrations 50 min after the start of the infusion. The dogs were then sacrificed and tissues were taken from different brain regions and the cervical cord to measure GABA concentrations using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The plasma propofol concentrations in internal carotid artery and jugular vein were similar in both light anesthesia group (3.00 ± 0.31 and 3.10 ± 0.51 µg/ml, respectively, P>0.05) and deep anesthesia group (6.41 ± 0.05 and 6.40 ± 0.11 µg/ml, respectively, P>0.05). GABA concentrations in the brain regions were significantly higher in deep anesthesia group than in light anesthesia group (P<0.05). The dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus showed greater GABA variations [(83.83 ± 2.230%) and (85.83 ± 1.72)%] compared to other brain regions at different anesthesia depths (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In both groups, plasma propofol concentrations in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein reach equilibrium at 50 min of propofol infusion. The variation of GABA is associated with the anesthesia depth of propofol, and GABA variation in the dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus plays an important role in propofol anesthesia.</p>

Protective effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride against acute renal injury induced by hemorrhagic shock and lipopolysaccharides in rats / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) in a rat model of renal injury induced by hemorrhagic shock and lipopolysaccharides (LPS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-five healthy Wistar rats were randomized into sham operated group, model group, and 3 penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) dose (1, 2 and 3 mg/kg) groups (PHC1, PHC2, and PHC3 groups, respectively). The arterial blood samples were collected to determine the concentrations of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1 (IL-1), urine creatinine (Cr) and blood urine nitrogen (BUN), and the renal tissues were collected to measure the expressions of ICAM-1 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and observe the pathological changes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1, Cr, BUN, ICAM-1 and NF-κB in the 3 PHC groups were significantly lower than those in the model group (P<0.05). TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1, Cr and BUN were significantly lower in PHC1 (P<0.05) than in the PHC2 and PHC3 groups, and ICAM-1 and NF-κB were similar between 3 PHC groups (P>0.05). Compared with the model group, the 3 PHC groups showed lessened pathological changes in the renal tubules.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PHC has protective effects against renal injury induced by hemorrhagic-endotoxin shock in rats, and treatment with 1 mg/kg PHC produces the most significant protective effect.</p>

Effect of noxious stimulation on regional distribution of propofol in canine spinal cord / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the regional distribution of propofol in canine spinal cord under noxious stimulation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twelve healthy hybrid dogs (12-18 months old, weighing 10-12 kg) were randomly divided into control group (n=6) and stimulation group (n=6). All the dogs were anesthetized with a single bolus dose of propofol (7 mg/kg) in 15 seconds followed by propofol infusion at a constant rate of 70 mg/kg/h via the great saphenous vein of the right posterior limb. In the stimulation group, the tails of the dogs were clamped for 5 min after 45 min of propofol infusion. Blood samples were taken from the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein at 50 min after propofol infusion to detect plasma propofol concentrations by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The dogs were then immediately sacrificed by decapitation and the frontal horn, posterior horn, intermediate zone, frontal funiculus, posterior funiculus and lateral funiculus of the spinal cord were dissected for determination of propol content by HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The plasma concentrations of propofol in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein were 5.07-/+0.23 and 5.03-/+0.10 microg/ml in the stimulation group, respectively showing no significant differences from those in the control group (5.09-/+0.03 and 5.08-/+0.03 microg/ml, P>0.05). In the control group, the propofol concentration was 5.09-/+0.08 microg/g in the frontal horm, 5.10-/+0.08 microg/g in the posterior horn, 5.05-/+0.19 microg/g in the intermediate zone, 5.06-/+0.14 microg/g in the frontal funiculus, 5.06-/+0.15 microg/g in the posterior funiculus and 5.06-/+0.41 microg/g in the lateral funiculus, showing no significant differences (P>0.05). The propofol concentrations in the frontal horn (7.65-/+0.47 microg/g) and posterior funiculus (7.06-/+0.82 microg/g) in the stimulation group were significantly higher than those in the other spinal cord tissues (P<0.05) and those in the control group (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>At 50 min after intravenous injection of propofol at a constant rate of 70 mg/kg/h, plasma propofol concentrations in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein reaches equilibrium with a balanced distribution in all the spinal cord regions. Propofol concentration can be higher in the frontal horn and posterior funiculus under noxious stimulation.</p>

Changes of approximate entropy in rats during focal cerebral infarction / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the changes of EEG approximate entropy (ApEn) in rats during focal cerebral infarction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into infarction group (n=12) with middle cerebral artery occlusion and sham-operated group (n=12). The EEG data (ApEn) was recorded in the bilateral areas (C3, C4) of the rats with focal cerebral infarction before the infarction and immediately and at 5, 15, 30, and 60 min after the infarction. The same measurement was carried out in the sham-operated group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the sham-operated group, ApEn in C3 and C4 showed no obvious differences at the time points (P>0.05), but in the infarction group, ApEn in C3 and C4 increased significantly after the infarction. ApEn in the ischemic area (C4) was significantly lower than that in the non-ischemic area (C3) (P<0.05). The bilateral ApEn decreased with the passage of time. ApEn in the ischemic area (C4) was significantly lowered at 30 min after the infarction in comparison with that before infarction (P<0.05). In the sham-operated group, ApEn showed no significant difference between C3 and C4. ApEn was comparable between the two groups before the operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ApEn can help monitor the occurrence of focal cerebral infarction of rats, and may be used to assess the extent of cerebral ischemia after infarction.</p>

Cerebral uptake and regional cerebral distribution of propofol under concentration equilibrium condition in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein in dogs / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the cerebral uptake and regional distribution of propofol when plasma propofol concentration reaches equilibrium in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein in dogs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eight male hybrid dogs aged 12-18 months weighing 10-12 kg were anesthetized with propofol at a single bolus (7 mg/kg) in 15 s followed by propofol infusion at a constant rate of 70 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) via the great saphenous vein of the right posterior limb. Blood samples were taken from the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein at 30 min (T30) after propofol infusion for measurement of plasma propofol concentrations by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The thalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and cervical cord were then dissected to determine propofol concentrations in these tissues by HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The propofol concentrations in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein blood plasma were comparable at T30 (6.16-/+1.02 vs 6.17-/+1.00 microg/ml, P>0.05). The propofol concentration was 6.11-/+1.07 microg/g in the epithalamus, 6.14-/+0.98 microg/g in the metathalamus, 6.12-/+1.02 microg/g in the hypothalamus, 6.15-/+1.00 microg/g in the subthalamus, 6.20-/+1.03 microg/g in the frontal lobe, 6.18-/+1.02 microg/g in the parietal lobe, 6.13-/+1.00 microg/g in the temporal lobe, 6.07-/+0.99 microg/g in the hippocampus, 6.14-/+1.06 microg/g in the cingulate gyrus, 6.15-/+1.00 microg/g in the cerebellum, 6.13-/+1.05 microg/g in the midbrain, 6.18-/+1.01 microg/g in the pons, 6.15-/+0.93 microg/g in the medulla oblongata, and 6.13-/+1.00 microg/g in the cervical cord, showing no significant differences in the distributions (P>0.05). Propofol concentration in the thalamus (8.68-/+0.88 microg/g) was significantly higher than those in the other brain tissues (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>At the constant intravenous propofol injection rate of 70 mg.kg(-1).h(-1), plasma propofol concentration reaches equilibrium 30 min after the injection in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein with even distribution in the cerebral tissues in dogs, but the thalamus contains high propofol concentration.</p>

Prophylactic effect of acupuncture on nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic operation / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the prophylactic effect of acupuncture Neiguan (PC 6) on nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic operation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred patients with laparoscopic gastrointestinal operation were randomly divided into an acupuncture group and a control group, 50 patients in each group. The operation was carried out with the combined infusion and inhalation anesthesia. The patients in the acupuncture group were being punctured at bilateral Neiguan (PC 6) before anesthesia and during the operation. The needles were extracted after operation, and the acupoints were covered with opaque tape. In contrast, the patients in the control group only accepted tape covering without acupuncture. After operation, all patients were given the self-controlled intravenous analgesia, and followed up at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h for recording the incidence rate of the nausea, retching and vomiting, then scoring with VAS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h after operation, in the acupuncture group, the incidence rates of the nausea were 12.0%, 6.0%, 6.0% and 2.0%, and the incidence rates of the retching were 0, 0, 2.0% and 2.0%, respectively; in the control group, the incidence rates of the nausea were 28.0%, 20.0%, 12.0% and 2.0%, and the incidence rates of the retching were 2.0%, 6.0%, 2.0% and 0, respectively. At 6 h, 12 h after operation, the incidence rates of the nausea and retching in the acupuncture group were lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.001). The vomiting was not happened in both groups. There was no difference between the two groups according to the scoring with VAS.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Acupuncturing at Neiguan (PC 6) can reduce the incidence rates of the patients' nausea and retching after laparoscopic operation, especially in 24 h.</p>

Ulinastatin attenuates lung injury in rats with hemorrhagic shock / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of ulinastatin on lung injury in hemorrhagic shock rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-four normal SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=8), namely the control group, hemorrhagic shock group (group H) and ulinastatin group (group U). In group H and group U, blood was drawn from the femoral artery over a period of 10 min until a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg was obtained. Controlled hypotension was then maintained at 40-/+5 mmHg for 60 min by blood drawing or infusion when necessary. All the blood drawn and an equivalent volume of Ringer lactate solution were subsequently infused for resuscitation. Four hours after the resuscitation, the activity of superoxidedismutase (SOD), content of malondialdehyde (MDA), expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), wet to dry weight ratio (W/D), and pathologic changes of the lung tissues were measured or observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with those in the control group, the content of MDA, expression of HO-1 and W/D increased significantly in both group H and group U (P<0.05); these indexes in group U were significantly lower than those in group H (P<0.05). The activity of SOD in group U was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05) but higher than that in group H (P<0.05). Optical microscopy demonstrated milder inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial edema in the lung tissues in group U than in group H.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Ulinastatin can lower the content of MDA, W/D and the expression of HO-1, increase the activity of SOD, and reduce histological lung injury in rats with hemorrhagic shock.</p>

Protective effects of lidocaine against lung injury after hemorrhagic shock in rabbits / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the protective effect of lidocaine against lung injury after hemorrhagic shock in rabbits.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighteen healthy rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6), namely lidocaine group (group L), hemorrhagic shock group (group H) and control group (group C). Hemorrhagic shock model was established in rabbits in groups L and H, and the venous blood samples were collected for measurement of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxidedismutase (SOD) before phlebotomy (T0), 2 h after hemorrhagic shock (T1) and 2 h after resuscitation (T2). Blood samples were also taken for measurement of MDA and SOD at the same time points in group C. The wet to dry weight ratio of the lung (W/D) was measured at T2.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>MDA level was significantly lower while SOD level significantly higher in group L than in group H (P<0.05). The W/D ratio in group L was reduced significantly as compared with that in group H (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Lidocaine can remarkably alleviate lung injury after hemorrhagic shock by inhibiting MDA production and increasing SOD content.</p>

Cerebral distribution of propofol at cerebral propofol uptake equilibrium in dogs / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the cerebral distribution of propofol during continued infusion at a constant rate when the cerebral propofol uptake reaches equilibrium in dogs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Six healthy 1-year-old male dogs were used in this study. The venous channel was established in the great saphenous vein of the right posterior limb. Anesthesia was induced with a single bolus injection of propofol (7 mg/kg), followed by propofol infusion at a constant rate of 70 mg/(kg.h) using a microinfusion pump. The blood samples were taken from the right internal carotid and internal jugular vein at 30 min (T30) and 50 min (T50) during propofol infusion for measurement of plasma propofol concentrations with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At T50, the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, midbrain, pons, and cerebellum were dissected respectively for determination of propofol concentrations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Propofol concentrations in the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein blood plasma were 3.107-/+1.067, 3.095-/+1.085 microg/ml at T30 and 3.091-/+1.101, 3.117-/+1.091 microg/ml at T50, respectively, showing no significant differences (P>0.05). Propofol concentrations in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, midbrain, pons, cerebellum at T50 were 3.085-/+1.123, 3.116-/+1.125, 3.073-/+1.159, 3.117-/+1.090, 3.075-/+1.178, 3.073-/+1.146, 3.075-/+1.151, 3.102-/+1.174, and 3.072-/+1.192 microg/g respectively, suggesting homogeneous propofol distribution in these cerebral tissues (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>At T50, the cerebral uptake of propofol reached equilibrium when propofol is distributed homogeneously in the cerebral tissues in dogs.</p>

Low-dose ketamine combined with fentanyl for intravenous postoperative analgesia in elderly patients / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical efficacy of and complications arising from low-dose ketamine combined with fentanyl for intravenous postoperative analgesia in comparison with the exclusive use of fentanyl in elderly patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty elderly patients were randomized into two equal groups following thoracoabdominal surgery, and received intravenous analgesia with the combination of 0.5 mg/ml ketamine, 5.0 microg/ml fentanyl and 50 microg/ml midazolam (KF group) and with 7.5 microg/ml fentanyl plus 50 microg/ml midazolam (FT group), respectively. The drugs used were diluted in 200 ml normal saline. For analgesic administration, a loading dose (2-4 ml) was given followed by a background infusion (2.5-3.5 ml), with patient-controlled bolus doses of 2.0-3.0 ml with lock-out time of 20 min via PCA pump (Automedical, Korea). The static pain score (VAS), sedation score, and incidences of nausea, vomiting, pruritus and hallucinations were recorded during the initial 48 h after the surgery.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total analgesic dosage and PCA dosage in the two groups were similar (P>0.05). With similar VAS in the two groups (P>0.05), the sedative effect in KF group was much better than that in FT group (P<0.05) during the initial 48 h postoperatively. The incidences of nausea, vomiting and itching were lower in KF group than in FT group (P<0.05), and no illusion was reported in two groups during the initial 48 h.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>For producing comparable postoperative analgesic effect, low-dose ketamine combined with fentanyl can markedly reduce fentanyl requirement in the elderly patients and lowers the incidences of nausea, vomiting and itching in comparison with the exclusive use of fentanyl.</p>

Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with sufentanil and fentanyl after thoracotomy: a comparative study / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical efficacy of sufentanil and fentanyl at equivalent dose for patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) after thoracotomy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty ASA I-II patients (20-60 years of age) undergoing radical operation for lung or esophageal cancer were randomly divided into sufentanil intravenous analgesia group (group S, with sufentanil 1 microg/ml) and fentanyl intravenous analgesia group (group F, fentanyl 10 microg/ml). PCIA was administered with background infusion of 2.5 ml/h, bolus injection of 2.5 ml and lockout time of 15 min. The pain intensity according to visual analogue scale (VAS), cumulative analgesic consumption (CAC), sedative scores and side effects at 24 and 48 h after administration were recorded. SpO(2), respiratory rate (RR), blood pressure (BP) and ECG were continuously monitored.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no significant differences in CAC between the two groups, but he VAS was lower in group S than in group F (P<0.05) and the sedative efficacy was superior in group S (P<0.05). The incidence of nausea and vomiting in group S was lower than that in group F (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in SpO(2), RR, heart rate and mean arterial pressure between the two groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PCIA with sufentanil provides better efficacy of analgesia and sedation with lower incidence of nausea and vomiting than with fentanyl in postoperative patients with thoracotomy.</p>